Strategic Relations Between the Us and Turkey 1979-2000: Sleeping With a Tiger by Ekavi Athanassopoulou

Author:Ekavi Athanassopoulou [Athanassopoulou, Ekavi]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: International Relations, Social Science, Political Science, Regional Studies, General
ISBN: 9781317694533
Google: UO0ABAAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 22777859
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2013-12-01T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1

The account is based on M. Abramowitz, ‘The Complexities of American Policymaking on Turkey’, in M. Abramowitz (ed.), Turkey’s Transformation and American Policy, New York: The Century Foundation Press, 2000, pp. 153–4.

2

W. Hale, Turkish Politics and the Military, London: Routledge, 1994, pp. 283, 292–3.

3

Abramowitz, ‘Complexities of American Policymaking on Turkey’, pp. 153–4.

4

W. Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000, London: Frank Cass, 2000, p. 221.

5

Y. Qelik, Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999, p. 78;

6

P. Robins, Turkey and the Middle East, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991, p. 71.

7

B. R. Kuniholm, ‘Turkey and the West since World War II’, in V. Mastny and R. Craig Nation (eds), Turkey between East and West: New Challenegs for a Rising Regional Power, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996, p. 62; also, Ҫelik, Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy, p. 78.

8

Kuniholm, ‘Turkey and the West’, p.62; Ҫelik, Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy, p. 78.

9

Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, pp. 219–20, 223.

10

Abramowitz, ‘Complexities of American Policymaking on Turkey’, p. 155.

11

W. Hale, ‘Turkey, the Middle East and the Gulf Crisis’, International Affairs, vol. 68, 1992, p. 684; and Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, pp. 220, 222.

12

Hale’s statement is repeated by Mustafa Aydin, Turkish Foreign Policy during the Gulf War of 1990–1991, Cairo: Cairo Papers in Social Science, 1998, p. 28, who uses Hale as his source.

13

The White House, memorandum of conversation with President Ozal of Turkey, 20 November 1990, Kleber Center, Paris, France, available online at http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1990-11-20-0zal.pdf (accessed 20 February 2010). This material was declassified in late August 2009.

14

Author’s interview with Morton Abramowitz (b).

15

N. Torumtay, Orgeneral Torumtay’in Anilari, Istanbul: Milliyet Yayinlari, 1994, p. 116; also see Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, p. 246, n. 15.

16

Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, p. 246, n. 15.

17

On the efforts of the Bush administration to involve the Kurds’ support, see Peter Malanczuk, ‘The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War’, European Journal of International Law, vol. 2, 1991, p. 117.

18

Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, p. 223.

19

This vision enjoyed mostly the support of technocrats within the administration, according to Robins, Turkey and the Middle East, p. 73. But support was also to be found among Turkish businessmen, according to the author’s interview with Selim Egeli, member of the board of directors of Turkey’s Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEIK) and Turgut Özal’s adviser.

20

Hale, ‘Turkey, the Middle East and the Gulf Crisis’, pp. 683–7; Robins, Turkey and the Middle East, pp. 70–72, 73; S. Sayari, ‘Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis’, Middle East Journal, vol. 46, 1992, pp.13–14, 16–20; Aydin, Turkish Foreign Policy, pp. 14–48, 73 and passim; Ҫelik, Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy, pp. 77–8; Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, pp. 220–21, 223; S. Laciner, ‘Turgut Özal Period in Turkish Foreign Policy: Özalism’, Ankara: USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law, 2009, vol.2, pp. 177, 197–200. For a detailed account of Turkey’s gradual involvement in the war and the opposing viewpoints in Turkey, see the sources already mentioned in this footnote.

21

Hale, ‘Turkey, the Middle East and the Gulf Crisis’, pp. 685, 686.

22

Abramowitz ‘Complexities of American Policymaking on Turkey’, pp.

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